Tuesday, May 10, 2016

Discrimination and Bullying

There are many forms of discrimination that can aide in bullying. Sexism, homophobic, and even appearances can contribute to bullying. According to Lewis, Giga, & Hoel (2011), discrimination can occur from feelings of inequality, such as that one person I not as good as another. These feelings can lead to negative behaviors that can significantly impact the mental and physical well-being of the one being discriminated against. Bullying can therefore be a result of discrimination, which can take the form of verbal or physical abuse. Understanding that discrimination occurs can help eliminate possible discriminations that one might have. For example, if one is more conscious of their thoughts, they can potentially change them in a manner that is more appropriate so that their behaviors can be more positive. Discrimination is a common aspect of social interactions, but with education and the help of social change movements, these negative beliefs can start to decline.

References
Lewis, D., Giga, S., & Hoel, H. (2011). Discrimination and bullying. Bullying and harassment in the workplace. Developments in theory research and practice, 267-281.

Potential Ethnic Inequalities


There may also be ethnic inequalities in regard to this social change movement. For instance, one focus of this movement is to educate the public on its importance and if people are not open to the education or are not able to access the educational opportunities, then there could be inequalities. According to Psychologists for Social Responsibilities (2014), there are racial inequalities between whites and other groups, such as African-Americans and Latinos, in regard to education. Without the equality within the education system, the message may not be reached by as large of a population. Also, racism can be a motivator behind bullying and this could make certain races feel targeted, which could lead to negative feelings (Rosenthal, Earnshaw, Carroll-Scott, Henderson, Peters, McCaslin, & Lckovics, 2015). The psychological wellbeing of this population experiencing inequality may be impacted in a negative manner because they may feel that they are intentionally being excluded.

My concerns with racial inequality for the anti-bullying movement include that some races may feel targeted when the topic of racist bullying is mentioned. I am less concerned with education inequalities since I plan to educate outside of schools, such as within the communities. However, the topic of potential racism can cause people to feel targeted when specific races are named as perpetrators. To help eliminate this racial inequality, I plan to discuss and educate how bullying affects people as a whole, rather than focusing on specific races as perpetrators or victims. Also, I intend to educate on the effects of racism and how it can lead to bullying, which can aide better social interactions between races. With his in mind, the role of psychology can also impact historical biases and oppression of targeted populations. For example, education is such an important factor in regard to social change, so with the help of educating the population and providing them with emotions that can build a connection, social change can occur (Yob & Brewer, 2015). Using the psychological aspects can benefit the oppression of others greatly by helping others identify with each population.

References

Psychologists for Social Responsibility. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.psysr.org/

Rosenthal, L., Earnshaw, V. A., Carroll-Scott, A., Henderson, K. E., Peters, S. M., McCaslin, C., & Ickovics, J. R. (2015). Weight-and race-based bullying: Health associations among urban adolescents. Journal of health psychology, 20(4), 401-412.

Psychology's Role in Social Change


Psychology plays a large role in social change movements, especially the anti-bullying movement. According to Psychologists for Social Responsibilities (2014), psychology studies the science behind human behavior, which is completely relevant to the topic of bullying. With this in mind, Psychology professionals can educate the public on potential effects on behavior that are a result from bullying as well as they can counsel victims that may be having a hard time coping. Psychology professionals also use their role in social change to stop stigmas and build common ground so that people can all change together. According to “Stop Bullying” (2016), victims of bullying are prone to substance use, low self-esteem, depression, and even suicide, depending on the severity of the bullying. Also, those who do the bullying may also be suffering from issues that would be beneficial if addressed by psychology professionals. Psychology professionals can help heal the wounds of being bullied as well as the wounds that may be causing others to bully. Also, psychology professionals have an understanding of human emotions and ca help the public relate with specific emotions that should be associated with certain movements, such as sympathy, which then helps the public better engage with the movement (Yob & Brewer, 2015).


Psychology also
plays a large role in advocating for the greater society because this field is designed to understand human behavior so that positive changes can be made. According to “Psychologists for Social Responsibility” (2014), psychological knowledge, research, and practice can be used in an ethical manner to help better society as well as promote social change. When a positive change is made or attempted to be made, it is helping create a greater society. Psychology professionals are trained in understanding human behaviors so that they can help educate others of important topics in a more effective manner.



References
Psychologists for Social Responsibility. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.psysr.org/

 
Yob, I., & Brewer, P. (2015). Understanding and practicing social change in higher education. Manuscript submitted for publication.
 



Theoretical Framework


Psychology has many theoretical frameworks that help add an extra layer of understanding to behaviors. For example, the Behaviorist perspective focuses on how behaviors are learned from environmental influences (“Encyclopedia of Bioethics”, 2004). With this in mind, this theoretical framework is very relevant to the anti-bullying movement because it shows a way to help possibly prevent the bulling behaviors from forming, as well as how to change those behaviors. According to “Encyclopedia of Bioethics” (2004), behaviors can be learned in a couple ways, such as through operant and classical conditioning. Operant conditioning describes how behaviors are formed through reinforcement, such as punishment or rewards. This can be used to help reinforce behaviors in children. For instance, rewards for god behaviors, such as praise for being friendly, and punishment for bullying, such as detention, can help shape behaviors to help prevent bullying behaviors. Classical conditioning involves the pairing of a stimulus to a response. Fr example, Watson was notorious for his study with baby Albert, who learned to fear rats because the stimulus of the rat was paired with a startling noise, thus creating a fear response when exposed to the rat. This type of learning may teach children early on that they fear being bullied, which in turn might even have them develop bullying behaviors to avoid being bullied. Using this theoretical framework and these forms of learning can help prevent negative behaviors and promote positive ones.









References
Encyclopedia of Bioethics (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 253-258). New York: Macmillan Reference USA. Retrieved from http://go.galegroup.com.contentproxy.phoenix.edu/ps/i.do?id=GALE%7CCX3402500065&sid=summon&v=2.1&u=uphoenix_uopx&it=r&p=GVRL&sw=w&asid=28b54d819adbd43e4dcdee014cf815f6



The Importance of the Anti-Bullying Movement


Coming from a small town with limitations in regard to those I can choose as friends, it struck me just how important it is to get along with those around you. Everyday a person is bullied somewhere in the world as well as there is someone acting the bully. According to No Bullying (2016), bullying has become more prominent and cruel in more recent years, which has led to the importance of change. The anti-bullying movement is a movement that promotes better treatment of others so there are less victims of bullying. According to Stop Bullying (2016), this movement can help stop bullying at the source through education. With this in mind, potential bullies would be more aware of their actions and the consequences before they bully so that they hopefully make better decisions. The second goal of the anti-bullying movement is to stop bullying after it starts. Not everyone will be impacted by the message for prevention, and when that happens, it is important to stop bullying after it happens. Both of these tactics come in many forms, such as posters at schools that promote anti-bullying or even speaking up about being bullied. There can also be seminars and school assemblies that help educate others on the importance of the movement.

This is a very important topic to me not only because I have children who it impacts, but also because I was bullied at one point. I do not want others to feel the way that I did when I felt insignificant to others and did not want to go to school. Growing up in a small town did not give me many options for diversity among friends. As a result, we were all friends with everyone. A downside to that was when I was bullied; it was me against everyone else. I felt lonely and I felt that every name they called me or word they described my appearance as had to be true because everyone was saying it. I never went to my teacher for help because the bullying occurred obviously in front of the teacher and that teacher did nothing. I cried every day after school until I found a way to stop it, which was to kill them with kindness as my mother said. I see now that there are actions I can take to help others have more positive social interactions than I did. Any help that I can give in order to promote a more positive social setting for others, including my children, is very important to me. Some people may think that bullying is how children and adults create their social circles and show dominance over others, but to me it shows dysfunction within society as well as improper expectations of others.

 
References
No Bullying. (2016). Retrieved from http://nobullying.com/what-is-anti-bullying/
Stop Bullying. (2016). Retrieved from http://www.stopbullying.gov/what-is-bullying/definition/index.html